| 在荷兰怀孕该怎么办 (2002.12.02) |  发送给朋友 |
|
| |
|
|
|
| | 都说荷兰禁止堕胎的 堕胎会被遣送的
谁能提供正确消息 
|
|
|
作者: mango
|
|
| | 哈哈，你是不是怀孕了。没有关系，你可以去中国人开的诊所呀！
|
|
|
作者: candygong
|
|
| | please give a chance to your baby, she or he is fortunately has the chance to be born in Holland, don't kill her or him, please..
|
|
|
作者: 2111821
|
|
| | But you must send your new baby back China to raise.
|
|
|
作者: zeehonder
|
|
| | you can refuse to send your baby
|
|
|
作者: 2111821
|
|
| | it is not allowed in Holland. Go back China to do this, if u really do not want to this baby
|
|
|
作者: Asura
|
|
| | 现在说什么都晚了，找到办法最要紧。三个办法，一是回中国作；一是上荷兰人的论
坛问问；一是看看别的欧盟国家准不准，不过我想就得你自己掏腰包了。
|
|
|
作者: huo
|
|
| | god! 
|
|
|
作者: LeoSteed
|
|
| | it is allowed.
i am sure u can ask your doctor to help u!
|
|
|
作者: 1234567
|
|
| | http://www.ziekenhuis.nl/ziektebeelden/176.html
read this article, all your questions can be answered. Or just go to your doctor and it costs you nothing.
Abortus
INLEIDING
In Nederland worden per jaar ongeveer 18.000 zwangerschappen afgebroken door middel van abortus. De behandeling kan naar wens plaatsvinden in een ziekenhuis of in een abortuskliniek. De meeste behandelingen vinden plaats in een kliniek.
Het merendeel van deze vrouwen - zo'n 80 procent - is op het moment van de abortus minder dan acht weken zwanger. 17,5 procent is tussen de acht en dertien weken zwanger en 2,5 procent is meer dan 13 weken zwanger. Doorgaans wordt geen abortus uitgevoerd als men langer dan 20 weken zwanger is.
De behandeling wordt door een arts uitgevoerd en duurt enkele minuten. Over het algemeen ondervinden vrouwen die een abortus ondergaan geen pijn. Een vrouw die een abortus heeft ondergaan kan later gewoon kinderen krijgen.
Voor een abortus hoeft men niet te betalen. Abortus in het ziekenhuis wordt vergoed door het ziekenfonds of de particuliere ziektekostenverzekering. Abortus in een kliniek wordt vergoed op basis van de AWBZ.
In principe wordt alleen de huisarts op de hoogte gebracht van het feit dat er een abortus is uitgevoerd, dit in verband met de nazorg. Indien de vrouw die de abortus ondergaat dit wenst wordt de huisarts niet ingelicht.
DE BEHANDELING
Op de dag van de behandeling verricht de arts allereerst een vooronderzoek. Hij onderzoekt de vrouw en stelt vast hoe lang zij zwanger is. Ook wordt naar de medische voorgeschiedenis gevraagd. Naar aanleiding hiervan gaat de arts na of er medische bezwaren kleven aan de (poliklinische) ingreep.
Bij een abortusingreep wordt de inhoud van de baarmoeder weggehaald. Een abortus wordt uitgevoerd door middel van zuigcurettage of vacu黰aspiratie. Hierbij wordt via de vagina een dun buisje in de baarmoeder gebracht. Het gebied rond de baarmoedermond wordt verdoofd. De inhoud van de baarmoeder wordt vervolgens afgezogen - de zwangerschap is dan definitief afgebroken. De behandeling duurt enkele minuten.
In het algemeen wordt een abortus niet als pijnlijk ervaren. De beleving ervan varieert van het hebben van geen pijn tot de pijn die vergelijkbaar is met een pijnlijke menstruatie.
Na de behandeling krijgt de vrouw meestal de gelegenheid om een half uur uit te rusten, daarna vindt een ontslaggesprek plaats. In dit gesprek krijgt de vrouw advies over de leefwijze gedurende de eerstkomende tijd en informatie over de mogelijke verschijnselen na deze ingreep. Na twee of drie weken vindt een nacontrole plaats in de kliniek, in het ziekenhuis of eventueel door de huisarts.
Als de zwangerschap verder gevorderd is dan 12 weken wordt de ingreep ingewikkelder.
PROCEDURE
Als een vrouw zwanger is en ze wil haar zwangerschap kunstmatig laten afbreken, dan krijgt ze van de huisarts of een andere arts een verwijzing naar een ziekenhuis of een abortuskliniek. Als dit niet mogelijk of gewenst is dan kan ze zich ook direct tot een abortuskliniek wenden.
Bij het maken van een afspraak met een abortuskliniek of een ziekenhuis wordt rekening gehouden met de wettelijk verplichte wachttijd van vijf dagen tussen het eerste contact met de arts en de daadwerkelijke afbreking van de zwangerschap. Doel van deze wachttijd is om de vrouw (en eventueel haar partner) de tijd te geven de beslissing om de zwangerschap te be雐ndigen nogmaals te overwegen.
INFORMATIE
Er zijn verschillende instellingen waar u aanvullende informatie over abortus kunt krijgen, zoals de huisarts, het algemeen maatschappelijk werk, Stichting Ambulante Fiom, Korrelatie, Rutgers Stichting, Nederlands Genootschap van Abortusartsen, en de Vereniging ter Bescherming van het Ongeboren Kind.
Op de website van het Nederlands Genootschap van Abortusartsen (NGvA) vindt u meer informatie over de ingreep, en een overzicht van abortusklinieken in Nederland.
NGvA, Diemen
fax (020) 699 34 28
internet: www.ngva.net
De Vereniging ter Bescherming van het Ongeboren Kind biedt hulpverlening en voorlichting, onder andere bij het verwerken van een abortus.
VBOK, Amersfoort
tel (033) 463 82 12
internet: www.vbok.nl
Bron: Ziekenhuis.nl
|
|
|
作者: huo
|
|
| | The following factsheet is also available at:
http://aristoteles.minbuza.nl/english/Content.asp?Key=460895&Pad=400025,257588
What are the laws on abortion in the Netherlands?
How did they evolve?
Why does the Netherlands have the lowest abortion rate of all industrialised countries?
This factsheet answers these questions and explains the policy pursued in the Netherlands. The first section describes the legislation on abortion. The second analyses the social conditions that shaped this policy, and the last section describes the situation today with various facts and figures.
1 Legislation: the law against abortion and cases in which exceptions are allowed Women may terminate an unwanted pregnancy. By law they may do so within 24 weeks of conception, but in practice the time limit is between 21 and 22 weeks, given the age at which a fetus is now viable. Under the Termination of Pregnancy Act, a pregnancy may only be terminated in a hospital or clinic which is licensed for this purpose.
The Termination of Pregnancy Act entered into force in November 1984 (see section 6). The Health Care Inspectorate has been reporting on recorded data since 1985. The aim of the Act is to balance two potentially conflicting interests: on the one hand it seeks to protect the life of the unborn child, and on the other to help women who are in a difficult position as a result of an unwanted pregnancy. The purpose of the Act is to ensure that any decision to terminate a pregnancy is given careful consideration, and that a termination is performed only if the woman's circumstances leave no alternative. No-one is under any obligation to assist in performing an abortion.
The Act does not set out any reasons or criteria for terminating a pregnancy. It sets standards in the form of a set of requirements designed to guarantee that the decision to terminate is taken with all due care. This approach was adopted because the decision to terminate a pregnancy must be taken with due regard for the individual circumstances of each case. Problems are determined by an individual’s circumstances, and since so many factors play a role, they are very varied. The Act therefore specifies a single universal indication, i.e. the fact that the woman is in a difficult position.
Abortion is only allowed subject to the provisions of the Termination of Pregnancy Act.
Article 296 of the Criminal Code:
Any person who provides treatment which he knows or could reasonably suspect might terminate a pregnancy is liable to a term of imprisonment not exceeding four years and six months or a fourth category fine (i.e. not exceeding �11,345).The act referred to in paragraph 1 is not an offence if the treatment is given by a medical practitioner in a hospital or clinic in which such treatment may be provided pursuant to the Termination of Pregnancy Act.
Abortion is never allowed once the embryo is considered viable independent of the mother.
Article 82a of the Criminal Code:
"Taking a person's life or the life of an infant at birth or shortly afterwards" includes the destruction of a fetus which might reasonably be presumed capable of surviving independently of the mother.
2 The decision-making process
The doctor must discuss alternative solutions to the problem. If the woman nevertheless decides to terminate the pregnancy, he must establish that she has reached her decision after careful consideration and of her own free will.
Both the woman and the doctor are responsible for the process of reaching a decision, although the decision as such is ultimately made by the woman. There must be a lapse of at least five days between the woman's first talk with the doctor (who may be the general practitioner she has gone to for referral) and the actual termination. The purpose of this is to give both parties adequate time to consider the decision.
Time limit for termination of an unwanted pregnancy
Abortion is prohibited once the fetus is viable independent of the mother. The absolute limit in this respect is after 24 weeks. As noted above, however, a fetus is in fact viable from between 21 and 22 weeks. A modern ultrasound scan is performed to establish the term of a pregnancy.
When the Act was passed there were no tests to establish pregnancy in the period between conception and implantation. Those that were available only showed positive when menstruation was two weeks overdue. The decision to perform a curettage within that time was based on the assumption that the woman had conceived. But as it was impossible to establish whether this was actually the case, parliament decided that the Act would not cover curettage. However, it is now possible to establish a pregnancy earlier. A pregnancy test is even part of the standard curettage procedure. For this reason, a curettage may only be performed up to 44 days after the woman's last menstruation, by a doctor in a licensed clinic or hospital. The five-day waiting period does not apply in these cases. However, the same rules apply to the registration and funding of these cases as to abortion (see below).
3 The procedure
A pregnancy can be terminated by curettage, for which a local or general anaesthetic can be administered. In 2000 the abortion pill (Mifepristone) was registered in the Netherlands under the trade name Mifegyne. This pill may be administered to terminate pregnancy up to 49 days after the first day of the woman’s last menstruation (i.e. when she is three weeks overdue). If the pill is administered at a later stage, the Termination of Pregnancy Act applies in its entirety.
Quality standards and monitoring
At present, 108 hospitals and 17 clinics in the Netherlands are licensed to perform abortions. Such licenses are granted by the minister of health to establishments that satisfy the statutory requirements relating to the quality of treatment in terms of medical competence and facilities as well as psychological care.
The directors of these establishments must submit quarterly reports to the Health Care Inspectorate, stating, for instance, the number of patients they have treated, but without disclosing private information. The figures are published in the Health Care Inspectorate's annual report. Hospitals and most clinics report the total number of abortions and curettages performed, although a few clinics give separate figures for the different types of treatment.
Costs
For women who are resident in the Netherlands, the costs of a termination performed by a licensed clinic are covered by the Exceptional Medical Expenses Act. Treatment in a hospital is covered by the health insurance fund or a private insurance company. Women who are resident abroad and who have a pregnancy terminated in the Netherlands have to pay the costs themselves. Special rules apply to women who are illegally resident in the Netherlands.
4 A social trend
Abortion became the subject of public debate in the second half of the 1960s in relation to several far wider issues. The availability of oral contraceptives and sterilisation had paved the way for family planning, people's attitudes to sex were changing, the influence of the church had declined and abortion had been legalised in Great Britain. At the same time, economic growth in the Netherlands had raised the standard of living, and the population as a whole was more highly educated. Abortion was legalised in 1984. For the record, it should be noted that abortion is not intended as a method of family planning.
5 The Netherlands' low abortion rate
Table 5.1. Number of abortions per 1000 women (aged 15-44) by country (various years)
Country
Abortion rate
Netherlands (2001)
8,4
Belgium (1997)*
5,7
Germany (1997)**
7,7
England and Wales (1997)
15,8
Sweden
18,7
United States (1996)
22,9
Bulgaria (1996)
51,3
Estonia
53,8
* Includes Belgian women treated in the Netherlands
** Excludes German women treated in the Netherlands
Source: Health Care Inspectorate, 2001 Annual Report on the Termination of Pregnancy Act, August 2002
The Netherlands had the lowest abortion rate in the world up to the end of 1996, followed closely in more recent years by Belgium. The figure for the Netherlands in 1996 was 6.5 and for Belgium 6.8, including Belgian women who had had abortions in the Netherlands. At present the figures cannot be compared with those in Germany, as the German figures do not include women treated in this country. The rate shown here is therefore lower than the actual rate.
The Netherlands has one of the lowest abortion rates, and there has been a steady decline in the number of women from other European countries who come to the Netherlands for an abortion. The fact that the abortion rate is nevertheless increasing is due to the growing demand for terminations from women from ethnic minorities. On average, six out of every ten women who have a pregnancy terminated in an abortion clinic are of non-Dutch origin. Roughly 30% of this group originate from Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, 15% are of Turkish or Moroccan origin, and the remaining 55% are from other countries.
The Netherlands has always had a relatively low abortion rate, and in this respect little has changed since abortion became legal. The reason is closely related to the liberal use of contraceptives in this country.
Family planning was taboo in Dutch society up to the 1960s. It was forbidden to sell or advertise contraceptives. There was virtually no public debate on the subject, and the medical establishment chose to remain uninvolved. The Netherlands had one of the highest birth rates in Europe right up to 1965.
This situation changed dramatically in the decade from 1965 to 1975, reflecting a fundamental shift in the social, cultural and political climate. With the availability of new forms of contraception sexual and moral values changed and family planning gained increasing acceptance. In 1961, the Netherlands started producing the pill, which gradually became extremely popular. There was also a growing demand for sterilisation.
The question is, why did family planning become so popular in the Netherlands and why was there hardly any increase in the abortion rate? Three factors played a role.
Firstly, the social and political debate on family planning was prompted by concerns about the prospect of overpopulation. The Netherlands was the most densely populated country in the world in the 1960s, and the future prognoses were alarming. This factor as a consideration in family planning was unique to the Netherlands.
At the same time, the influential Dutch Association for Sexual Reform (NVSH) launched a vigorous campaign for new family planning legislation. By the mid-1960s the NVSH had over 200,000 members and a staff of 100 at its headquarters in The Hague. Its aims were to persuade the government to introduce sex education in schools, and to exercise influence on the media and establish family planning centres throughout the country. The women's movement, too, conducted a major family planning campaign.
Towards the end of the 1960s, the Netherlands Society of General Medical Practitioners recognised family planning as an important aspect of general practice and almost all general practitioners began to offer their patients this service. This step had far-reaching implications. It meant that people could discuss birth control in confidence and in a relatively unintimidating context, whereas in most countries counselling services were provided by gynaecologists or special clinics. Within a short space of time, birth control had become an integral part of health care.
Another reason for the sudden popularity of family planning lies in the changes in funding which took place in 1971. The government lifted the statutory prohibition on contraceptives in 1969 and in 1971 made certain forms of contraceptive available under the national health insurance scheme. Two years later, sterilisation was also covered by national health insurance. In addition, small family planning clinics run by the Rutger Foundation were entitled to government subsidies. Not only did these measures constitute an incentive to practise birth control, they were also a factor in making contraception morally acceptable. Family planning became a public issue instead of an individual problem.
Hence, the use of contraceptives had gained widespread acceptance in the Netherlands not only by the time abortion was legalised, but even before it became a political issue. Nearly all the obstacles to birth control had been removed, whether geographic, social, psychological or financial. This is one of the main reasons for the low abortion rate. In a short space of time, the Netherlands was transformed from a country with a high birth rate by European standards into one in which birth control was common practice.
6 The liberalisation of abortion laws
The Stimezo Foundation was established in 1970 for the express purpose of opening a nationwide network of clinics to provide safe, reliable abortions. The service was available a year later, even though abortion was still illegal. The number of clinics increased rapidly. They were founded because hospital doctors were reluctant to perform abortions, and did so rarely, if at all. Abortion became a subject of debate in the medical community as well. A new technique was developed, that of suction curettage, which could be provided as an outpatient service.
Liberalising the abortion laws was a difficult process. The Termination of Pregnancy Act was enacted in 1981 and entered into force in 1984. In the intervening years, abortion clinics continued their work without legal action being taken against them. Yet even before that time convictions on the basis of the old legislation were relatively rare. For example, there were 105 convictions in 1958, only three in 1973, and none thereafter. Most of these cases concerned abortions performed by people other than physicians.
In 1970, the Labour Party (PvdA) introduced a bill to remove abortion from the Criminal Code. In 1975, the Christian Democratic Alliance (CDA) proposed that abortion remain a criminal offence unless "continuation of the pregnancy carried a grave risk of physical or mental harm to the woman, which could only be averted by terminating the pregnancy". In 1976, the Liberal Party (VVD) tabled a motion of its own, and later, one together with the Labour Party. The problem was that, though the bill was supported by a majority in parliament, the Liberal Party did not form part of the governing coalition. In December 1980, after a change of government, parliament passed a bill introduced by the Liberals and Christian Democrats. In November 1984, the Termination of Pregnancy Act entered into force together with a decree implementing the Act. Today, abortion is still included in the Criminal Code. It is not regarded as a routine medical intervention.
As the political debate dragged on, more emphasis came to be placed on preventing unwanted pregnancies. The political establishment supported campaigns to improve sex education and promote the use of contraceptives. As a result, the Netherlands spent more than most other countries on family planning research. As we have seen, an abortion clinic was opened in 1971. But the fact that it was illegal endorsed the view that abortion should be seen as a last resort. Though it has now come to be accepted as a woman's right, it is still regarded as an option to be avoided if possible.
7 Trends today
Induced abortions obtained by women resident in the Netherlands and abroad (including curettages)
Resident in the Netherlands
Resident abroad
1980
19.700
36.700
1987
17.800
18.200
1997
22.413*
6.843
1998
24.141
6.560
1999
25.318
6.338
2000
27.205
6.121
2001
28.437
5.719
*where the figure for reported curettages was 3,756
A total of 34,168 abortions were performed in 2001**, 28,437 on women resident in the Netherlands and 5,719 on women not resident in the Netherlands (including curettages and abortion pills). In the remaining 12 cases, the place of residence was not known. This puts the abortion rate in the Netherlands at 8.4 per 1,000 women in the 15 to 44 age group. This represents a rise of 4.5% on the 2000 figure among women resident in the Netherlands, and a fall of 6.6% among women not resident in the Netherlands.
**Source: Health Care Inspectorate, 2001 Annual Report on the Termination of Pregnancy Act, August 2002, p.10
Some 60% of women who obtain abortions are referred by their general practitioner. The rest are referred by a gynaecologist or other specialist, or approach the clinic or hospital directly. General practitioners also provide most of the after-care.
8 Special facilities for minors and ethnic minorities
Two population groups which tend not to practise birth control are minors and ethnic minorities.
Although the abortion rate among minors is extremely low by international standards and also below the national average, the problem is treated very seriously. Sex education is an important issue in schools, and special services are available for teenagers. Nearly all secondary schools provide sex education, although it cannot be made a compulsory subject as the Dutch Constitution allows freedom of education. About 50% of primary schools (for children up to the age of 13) also at least touch on the subject. Studies have shown that the media play a major role in breaking taboos and providing information for adolescents.
Abortion rate among women aged 15 - 44
Abortion rate among women aged under 15
1996
6,5 per 1000
0,3% of all abortions
1997
6,5 per 1000
0,3% of all abortions
1998
7,0 per 1000
0,3% of all abortions
1999
7,4 per 1000
0,4% of all abortions
2000
8,0 per 1000
0,6% of all abortions
2001
8,4 per 1000
0,6% of all abortions
Special attention is devoted to ethnic minorities, as their abortion rate is between four and nine times higher than that of the rest of the population. Over the past 15 years, family planning research in the Netherlands has been specially targeted at the Surinamese, Antillean, Turkish and Moroccan communities. The estimated abortion rates for each of these groups are as follows:
Estimated number of abortions per 1000 women in the 15 to 44 age group, by ethnic origin, 1990 (Rademakers, 1992)
All women resident in the Netherlands
5,2
Dutch women
3,4
Antillean
31,1
Moroccan
12,4
Surinamese
28,8
Turkish
17,8
Turkish and Moroccan women generally tend to have relatively large families. The government therefore tries to ensure they are informed about family planning and provides special counselling services. It is still too soon to say whether these measures will have any effect.
9 Conclusion
One question remains unanswered. Why has the abortion rate among women of Dutch origin not decreased over the past two decades, despite their more frequent use of contraceptives? The reason is generally thought to be that people want more control in terms of family planning and make use of whatever means are available.
The rate of pregnancy before marriage has declined dramatically over the years. This would seem to suggest that people are planning their families more carefully and are less prepared to accept unwanted pregnancies.
In April 1997, the Health Care Inspectorate published a report on the enforcement and effects of the Termination of Pregnancy Act. It had conducted a study in response to media reports that certain statutory provisions were not being complied with. However, an inquiry instituted by the health minister found this not to be the case. Nevertheless, a project was launched to allow the Inspectorate to monitor developments at regular intervals.
Further information is available from Dutch embassies and consulates. Their addresses can be found on the Internet at:
http://bob.minbuza.nl
This factsheet is published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in association with the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
International Information and Communication Division (DVL/VB)
Postbus 20061
2500 EB Den Haag
The Netherlands
Telephone (+31 70) 348 4110
Fax (+31 70) 348 4102
Website
http://www.minbuza.nl/english
Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
Curative Somatic Care Department
Postbus 20350
2511 VX Den Haag
The Netherlands
Website
http://www.minvws.nl
此消息由xjerry在2002-12-09.15:25:37编辑过!
|
|
|
作者: xjerry
|
|
| | is dit uw eerste zwangerschap?
|
|
|
作者: 今夜心情
|
|
| | 最好小心点，很麻烦的。 
|
|
|
作者: 2211
|
|
| | 如果你在求学，那还是打掉吧！
to ask your docter. He will help you.
Don't worry !
|
|
|
作者: 臭东东
|
| |
|
